Combination Therapies for Preload Reduction in Multi-Beat PV Loop Measure
Introduction Understanding preload reduction is critical in cardiovascular physiology, particularly when assessing cardiac function using the multi-beat PV loop measure. Preload refers to the ventricular end-diastolic volume, which directly influences stroke volume and overall cardiac output. Excessive preload can lead to complications such as heart failure, pulmonary congestion, and inefficient cardiac performance. The multi-beat PV … Read more