How Afterload and Preload Affect the Pressure-Volume Loop in Congestive Heart Failure
1. Introduction Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a complex condition where the heart struggles to pump blood efficiently, leading to inadequate circulation and fluid buildup in the body. Understanding the pressure-volume (PV) loop—a graphical representation of the cardiac cycle—is crucial for grasping the physiological changes that occur in CHF. The PV loop is influenced by … Read more