Month: December 2025

How is the ECG related to a PV loop: Powerful Insights

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Introduction to How is the ECG related to a PV loop Understanding how the ECG is related to a PV loop is essential for anyone studying the heart because it connects electrical activity with mechanical pumping. The ECG tells us when the heart is electrically activated, while the PV loop shows how the ventricles respond … Read more

Measuring forward flow versus regurgitant flow in structural heart disease: Essential Guide for Clinicians

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Structural heart disease alters the normal patterns of blood movement within the heart. One of the most important ways to understand these changes is by evaluating the balance between forward flow and regurgitant flow, especially through the lens of pressure–volume (PV) loop hemodynamics. PV loops offer a clear visual understanding of how valve disease impacts … Read more